footnote143
Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group.
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS)
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019
Effects shown in research
Child development and school readiness
Findings rated high
271
PALS Toddler/Preschooler
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPVT-III receptive vocabulary | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.37 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.36 | Statistically significant, p < .05 | |
| PLS: auditory comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -1.56 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| PLS: expressive comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.92 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Cooperation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.38 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.30 | Statistically significant, p = .04 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
| Coordinating attention and words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.09 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Positive affect (of child with mother) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.17 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Social engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.44 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.32 | Statistically significant, p < .01 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
| Use of words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.42 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.37 | Statistically significant, p < .01 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
271
PALS Toddler/Preschooler
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.07 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.28 | |
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.12 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.10 | |
| Coordination of gestures and verbalizations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.14 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p < .01 | |
| Engagement in activity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.08 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p = .04 | footnote146Positive coefficient values favors the comparison group. |
| Questions and requests | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.57 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.16 | Statistically significant, p = .01 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
| Verbal responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.17 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.30 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.06 |
272
PALS Infant + Toddler/Preschooler
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPVT-III receptive vocabulary | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.28 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PLS: auditory comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.94 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PLS: expressive comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.30 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Cooperation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.21 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Coordinating attention and words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.13 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Positive affect (of child with mother) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.19 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Social engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.25 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Use of words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.15 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
272
PALS Infant + Toddler/Preschooler
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.26 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.88 |
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.30 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.42 |
| Coordination of gestures and verbalizations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.42 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.50 |
| Engagement in activity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -1.68 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = .63 |
| Questions and requests | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.34 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.38 |
| Verbal responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.04 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.50 |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative Affect (With Examiner) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = -0.07 | Coefficient = 0.28 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.70 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote142The p-values are study reported. |
| Social Skills: Cooperation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 5.56 | Coefficient = 5.16 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.39 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 | footnote142The p-values are study reported. |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPVT-III receptive vocabulary | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.18 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PLS: auditory comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.12 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PLS: expressive comprehension | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 1.21 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Cooperation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.09 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Coordinating attention and words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.26 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Positive affect (of child with mother) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.18 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Social engagement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.18 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Use of words | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.08 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.43 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.28 |
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.12 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.97 |
| Coordination of gestures and verbalizations | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.01 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.95 |
| Engagement in activity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.43 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.81 |
| Questions and requests | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.01 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
| Verbal responses | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.07 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 |